1) The first group includes the processes which act on the crust or at or very near its surface, as a result of the movements and chemical activities of air, water, ice and and living organisms.
2) Both groups of processes operate under the control of gravitation (including attractions due to the sun and the moon).
3) The processes of external origin are specifically maintained by the radiation of heat from the sun.
4) Those of internal origin are similarly maintained by the liberation of heat from the stores of energy locked within the earth.
5) The second group – earth movements, igneous activity and metamorphism – includes the processes which act within or through the crust, as a result of the physical and chemical activities of the materials of the substratum (or mantle) and of gases and magmas in the crust or passing through it.
6) The leading geological processes fall into two contrasted groups.
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